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The red planet
Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun, known for its distinctive red color caused by iron oxide (rust) on its surface. Mars has the largest volcano in the solar system (Olympus Mons, 21.9 km high) and a canyon system (Valles Marineris) that dwarfs Earth's Grand Canyon. Evidence suggests Mars once had liquid water on its surface, and NASA's rovers have found signs of ancient river beds and lake deposits. Mars is a primary target for future human colonization, with NASA's Artemis program building the infrastructure needed to eventually send humans there.
Day Length
24.62h
1.0x Earth days
Year Length
687d
1.88x Earth years
Avg Temperature
-63°C
-140° to 20°C
Moons
2
No rings
No Solid Surface
Radius
3,389.5 km
Mass
6.417 x 10^23
Surface Gravity
3.72 m/s²
Escape Velocity
5.03 km/s
Rotation Speed
868.22 km/h
Orbital Speed
24.07 km/s
Distance from Sun
227.9 million
Composition
Iron sulfide core, silicate mantle, basaltic crust
~2 minutes without a pressure suit
There is no solid surface to stand on. No breathable oxygen.
Olympus Mons is nearly 3x the height of Mount Everest
Mars has seasons like Earth due to its similar axial tilt (25.2 degrees)
A day on Mars (a 'sol') is only 37 minutes longer than an Earth day
Mars has two tiny moons, Phobos and Deimos, likely captured asteroids